雅思写作Task 1要求考生在20分钟内完成一篇至少150词的图表描述文章，许多考生在备考时往往更关注主体段的细节描述，却忽略了introduction的重要性，一个高质量的introduction不仅能清晰传达图表核心信息，还能为后续分析奠定逻辑基础，本文将系统解析雅思小作文introduction的写作技巧，帮助考生快速抓住评分要点。
introduction的核心功能
雅思官方评分标准中,Task Achievement（任务完成度）明确要求考生"提供清晰的概述"，introduction段落正是实现这一要求的关键部分，主要承担三个功能：
- 明确图表类型：用1-2句话说明是线图、柱图、饼图还是表格，避免使用"the graph"这类模糊表述。
- 提炼核心变量：准确概括横纵坐标、时间跨度、比较对象等核心要素，the changes in energy consumption across four sectors from 1990 to 2010"。
- 设定描述框架：通过时态和比较结构的运用，暗示后续分析方向，如"while...showed an upward trend,...experienced fluctuations"。
剑桥雅思官方范文显示,高分introduction平均用词量控制在30-40词之间，既保证信息密度又避免冗余，例如描述某人口变化线图时，9分范文写道："The line graph illustrates population trends in three Asian countries between 1950 and 2050, with projections based on current demographic data."
四步构建法详解
步骤1：精准改写题干
避免直接抄袭题目原文,通过同义替换和句型转换实现改写。
- 原题："The table below shows the percentage of households with access to the internet in four European countries."
- 改写："The given table compares internet penetration rates among households in four European nations."
常用改写技巧包括：
- 动词替换：show→illustrate/demonstrate/display
- 名词替换：percentage→proportion/rate
- 添加限定词：below→given/presented
步骤2：补充关键参数 未明确但图表包含的重要信息，通常包括：
- 时间范围："from 2000 to 2020"
- 地域范围："in five Southeast Asian countries"
- 计量单位："measured in millions of tonnes"
某剑桥真题范文示例："The bar chart details electricity production from renewable sources in four European nations during the period 2009-2019, measured in terawatt-hours."
步骤3：确立描述视角
通过时态和语态选择暗示分析重点：
- 过去时间段：一般过去时（"increased steadily"）
- 含未来预测：混合时态（"is predicted to rise"）
- 无时间变化：一般现在时（"shows the distribution"）
步骤4：优化句式结构
避免单调的"S+V+O"句式，尝试以下进阶表达：
- 分词结构："Covering a 50-year period, the graph..."
- 介词短语："With data collected from 15 cities,..."
- 比较从句："Whereas X remained stable, Y witnessed dramatic changes."
六大图表类型特例处理
动态图表（线图/柱图）
强调时间变量："The line graph tracks quarterly sales fluctuations of three product categories over a two-year span from Q1 2018 to Q4 2019."
静态图表（饼图/表格）
突出比例关系："The pie charts break down energy source composition in Australia and Germany during 2020, measured by percentage share."
流程图/地图
说明过程阶段："The diagram outlines the seven-stage manufacturing process of recycled paper products, beginning with collection and ending with distribution."
混合图表
明确关联性："The combined bar chart and line graph correlate GDP growth with unemployment rates in five African countries between 2010 and 2020."
常见失分点警示
错误1：信息遗漏
某考生答案："The graph shows internet usage." 缺失关键参数，导致TR评分降至5分，应改为："The line graph depicts internet penetration rates among different age groups in the UK from 2005 to 2015."
错误2：主观臆断
避免出现"surprisingly"、"interestingly"等主观评价，保持客观描述。
错误3：数据提前
introduction不应包含具体数值,某6分范文错误示范："The chart shows that 45% of British people..." 正确做法是将数据留到overview或detail段落。
高分模板与灵活变通
基础模板
"The [chart type] illustrates [main subject] in [location/time frame], with data measured in [unit]."
进阶变体
"Breaking down [main subject] by [categorization method], the [chart type] compares [comparison elements] during [time period]."
实际应用案例：
- 基础版："The bar chart compares gender distribution in three academic disciplines at UK universities in 2020."
- 进阶版："Comparing male and female enrollment patterns, the clustered bar chart reveals disciplinary preferences among UK university students in the academic year 2019-2020."
通过持续练习,考生可以培养出快速提取图表关键信息的能力，建议每天分析2-3个真题图表，用计时器控制在5分钟内完成introduction写作，逐步形成条件反射式的写作思维，真正优秀的introduction应该像地图的图例，让阅卷者一眼就能把握全文的探索路径。
