雅思写作Task 1(小作文)是许多考生感到棘手的部分,因为它要求考生在短时间内准确描述图表、流程图或地图中的关键信息,官方例文往往能提供最直接的评分标准参考,帮助考生理解考官的期望,本文将通过分析雅思官方提供的小作文例文,拆解高分要素,并提供实用写作技巧,助力考生在考试中取得理想成绩。
雅思小作文评分标准
在深入分析例文前,需明确雅思小作文的四大评分标准:
-
任务完成度(Task Achievement)
- 是否涵盖图表的主要特征
- 数据描述是否准确
- 是否有清晰的概述(Overview)
-
连贯与衔接(Coherence and Cohesion)
- 段落逻辑是否清晰
- 连接词使用是否自然
- 信息组织是否合理
-
词汇丰富度(Lexical Resource)
- 词汇是否多样且精准
- 是否避免重复使用相同表达
- 是否使用恰当的学术词汇
-
语法多样性及准确性(Grammatical Range and Accuracy)
- 句型是否多变(如主动/被动、简单/复合句)
- 语法错误是否影响理解
官方例文解析(以柱状图为例)
以下是一篇雅思官方高分例文(Band 8+)的节选与分析:
*
The chart below shows the percentage of households in owned and rented accommodation in England and Wales between 1918 and 2011. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.*
例文:
The bar chart illustrates changes in housing tenure in England and Wales over a 93-year period, from 1918 to 2011. Overall, home ownership increased significantly, while the proportion of rented accommodation declined correspondingly.
In 1918, rented housing was the dominant form, accounting for 78% of households. By contrast, only 22% of people owned their homes. However, the situation reversed gradually over the decades. By 1971, ownership had surpassed renting (50% vs. 49%), and this trend continued. In 2011, ownership peaked at 68%, whereas rented accommodation fell to 32%.
Notably, the most dramatic shift occurred between 1951 and 1971, when ownership rose by 20 percentage points. After 1981, the growth rate slowed but remained steady.
高分要素分析:
- 清晰的概述(Overview)
第一段结尾用“Overall”直接点明核心趋势,符合高分要求。
- 数据选取合理
重点描述起点(1918)、转折点(1971)和终点(2011)的数据,避免冗余。
- 对比与衔接自然
使用“By contrast”“However”“Notably”等连接词,使逻辑流畅。
- 词汇与语法多样
- “increased significantly”“declined correspondingly”“peaked at”等短语体现词汇丰富性。
- 混合使用过去时和过去完成时(had surpassed),展示语法能力。
不同图表类型的写作策略
线图(Line Graph)
- 核心: 强调趋势(上升、下降、波动)及关键时间点。
- 句型:
- “The figure rose sharply from…to…”
- “A plateau was observed between…and…”
饼图(Pie Chart)
- 核心: 比较比例,突出最大/最小份额。
- 句型:
- “The largest proportion was accounted for by…”
- “At…%, X represented the smallest segment.”
表格(Table)
- 核心: 横向(类别间)与纵向(时间变化)对比。
- 技巧: 分组描述(如最高值、最低值、相似值)。
流程图(Process Diagram)
- 核心: 使用被动语态描述步骤(如“The material is heated…”)。
- 技巧: 分阶段概括(如“preparation→processing→packaging”)。
地图(Map)
- 核心: 比较不同时期的变化,方位词必不可少(e.g., “northwest of”“adjacent to”)。
常见错误与规避方法
-
机械罗列数据
- 错误示范:In 1990, it was 10%. In 2000, it was 20%. In 2010, it was 30%.
- 改进:The figure climbed steadily from 10% in 1990 to 30% in 2010, with a 10% increase each decade.
-
遗漏概述(Overview)
高分作文必须在开头或结尾总结核心趋势,否则难以突破Band 6。
-
时态混乱
过去时间数据用过去时(e.g., “The number rose”),预测未来用将来时(e.g., “is projected to reach”)。
-
过度使用“increase/decrease”
替换词汇:surge, plummet, fluctuate, stabilize, overtake.
高分模板句型
- 开头改写题目:
The [chart/graph] provides an overview of… - 描述趋势:
A steady upward trend was evident in… - 比较数据:
While X stood at…, Y was significantly higher/lower at…
In summary, the most striking feature is…
个人观点
雅思小作文的高分关键在于精准与效率,考生需在150词的有限篇幅内,用学术化语言呈现数据的核心特征,通过模仿官方例文的逻辑结构和表达方式,结合针对性练习,完全可以在短期内提升至Band 7+水平,建议每天分析一篇官方例文并仿写,逐步培养数据描述的敏感度。