在雅思写作考试中，小作文（Task 1）通常要求考生描述图表、表格或流程图中的数据，能否清晰、准确地表达数字信息，直接影响分数高低，许多考生在描述数据时容易陷入词汇单一、句式重复的困境，导致表达生硬，本文将系统梳理雅思小作文中数字表达的核心技巧，帮助考生提升语言多样性，增强数据描述的流畅性。
基础数字表达方式
直接引用数字
在描述具体数值时，直接引用是最基本的方式，适用于强调精确数据。
- The number of visitors reached 2.3 million in 2020.
- Unemployment rates stood at 5.8% last quarter.
注意：
- 千分位使用逗号分隔（如1,000），小数点用句点（如3.5）。
- 百分数写作"数字+%"，如25%。
近似值表达
当数据为估算值或无需精确时，可使用以下表达：
- Approximately/around/roughly 30% of students prefer online courses.
- Just over/under 50%（略高于/低于50%）
- Nearly/almost 80%（接近80%）
数据变化趋势描述
上升趋势
- 动词：increase, rise, grow, climb, soar, surge
- Sales increased from $2m to $5m between 2010 and 2020.
- 名词：an increase, a rise, growth, an upward trend
- There was a sharp rise in oil prices last year.
程度修饰词：
- 剧烈上升：dramatically, sharply, significantly
- 平缓上升：gradually, moderately, slightly
下降趋势
- 动词：decrease, decline, drop, fall, plummet
- The birth rate dropped by 15% over the decade.
- 名词：a decrease, a decline, a fall, a downward trend
- A steady decline was observed in newspaper readership.
程度修饰词：
- 急剧下降：steeply, sharply, drastically
- 缓慢下降：gradually, modestly, minimally
波动与稳定
- 波动：fluctuate, vary, experience fluctuations
- Gold prices fluctuated between $1,800 and $2,000 per ounce.
- 稳定：remain stable/steady, stabilize, stay constant
- The unemployment rate remained stable at 4% for three consecutive years.
数据比较与对比
倍数关系
- double/triple/quadruple（动词）
- Online sales tripled between 2015 and 2020.
- twice/three times/four times as much as...
- The UK's GDP is twice as high as that of Canada.
差异比较
- higher/lower than, exceed, surpass, overtake
- Female participation rates exceeded male rates in 2022.
- a slight/significant/marginal difference
- There was a marginal difference between urban and rural incomes.
占比表达
- account for, constitute, make up, represent
- Renewable energy accounts for 20% of total production.
- a majority/minority/large proportion/small fraction
- A large proportion of respondents (68%) supported the policy.
高级表达技巧
数据组合呈现
将多个数据点整合到一个句子中，展现逻辑关系：
- While 45% of teenagers used social media daily, only 12% of seniors did so.
- Despite a 10% increase in revenue, profits fell by 3% due to rising costs.
时间跨度描述
- Over the period from...to..., during the decade, throughout the 20th century
- Over the 50-year period, life expectancy rose by 15 years.
数据极值强调
- peak at, hit a high of, reach a record level, bottom out at
- Oil prices peaked at $120 per barrel in 2012.
常见错误与修正
-
错误：重复使用相同词汇（如连续使用"increase"）
修正：交替使用rise, grow, climb等近义词。 -
错误：混淆百分比与百分点
修正：
- "Increased by 10%"（从5%到5.5%）
- "Increased by 10 percentage points"（从5%到15%）
-
错误：时态不一致
修正：图表数据通常用一般过去时，预测数据用将来时。 -
错误：数据单位遗漏
修正：始终标明单位（如$，km²，tons）。
实战句型模板
-
趋势描述：
- The figure for X witnessed a dramatic surge, rising from...to...
- A contrasting pattern was seen in Y, which declined steadily over the period.
-
数据对比：
- At 75%, the usage rate of X was significantly higher than that of Y (45%).
- Unlike the upward trend in A, B showed a consistent downward movement.
-
占比说明：
- With 60% of the total, X dominated the market share.
- Y constituted a mere 5%, representing the smallest segment.
在雅思小作文中，数据表达的丰富性直接影响Task Achievement和Lexical Resource的评分，建议考生建立自己的"数据表达库"，通过反复练习将各类句式内化，考试时，先快速分析图表的关键特征，再选择最合适的表达方式，避免机械套用模板，真正的高分作文不在于使用生僻词汇，而在于准确、多样且自然地呈现数据信息。
