在医学、公共卫生或学术研究中，疾病图表（如发病率、死亡率、流行趋势图）是常见的数据呈现方式，无论是撰写学术论文、报告，还是准备英语考试（如雅思、托福），掌握描述疾病图表的英语表达至关重要，本文将提供清晰的写作框架、高频词汇和实用句型，帮助读者提升这类文章的写作能力。
疾病图表的基本结构
描述疾病图表时，需遵循逻辑顺序，通常分为三部分：
图表内容**（Introduction）
- 说明图表类型（折线图、柱状图、饼图等）
- 点明核心主题（如流感发病率、糖尿病区域分布）
- 标注数据来源（WHO、CDC等权威机构）
例句：
The bar chart illustrates the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases across five age groups in 2023, based on data from the World Health Organization.
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描述关键趋势（Main Trends）
- 突出最高值、最低值、异常波动
- 比较不同群体或时间段的差异
- 使用准确的数据支撑（避免模糊表述）
例句：
Cases of dengue fever peaked at 12,000 in July, which was three times higher than the April figure.
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分析可能原因或影响（Analysis）
- 结合流行病学知识解释趋势（如季节因素、疫苗接种率）
- 提出合理推测（需标注“可能原因”避免绝对化）
例句：
The sharp decline in measles infections after 2015 might be attributed to the nationwide immunization campaign.
高频词汇与替换方案
描述变化的动词
- 上升：increase / rise / climb / surge（急剧上升）
- 下降：decrease / decline / drop / plummet（骤降）
- 波动：fluctuate / vary / oscillate
- 稳定：stabilize / remain steady
程度修饰词
- 轻微：slightly / modestly / marginally
- 显著：significantly / dramatically / sharply
- 持续：consistently / continuously
疾病相关术语
- 传播方式：airborne（空气传播）、vector-borne（媒介传播）
- 人群分类：age-specific（分年龄）、gender-based（按性别）
- 流行病学指标：incidence rate（发病率）、mortality（死亡率）
避免常见错误
-
数据与单位错误
- 错误：The chart shows 50% people had diabetes.
- 正确：The chart shows 50% of the surveyed population had diabetes.
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时态混淆
- 描述过去数据用一般过去时，预测未来趋势可用将来时或情态动词：
If vaccination rates continue to fall, measles outbreaks could resurge in 2025.
- 描述过去数据用一般过去时，预测未来趋势可用将来时或情态动词：
-
过度解读
- 避免将相关性等同于因果关系：
Correlation between obesity rates and fast-food consumption does not necessarily imply causation.
- 避免将相关性等同于因果关系：
实战案例解析
描述某国2000-2020年肺癌死亡率趋势图
范文节选：
The line graph depicts changes in lung cancer mortality rates in Country X over two decades, with data sourced from the National Cancer Registry. In 2000, the mortality rate stood at 45 per 100,000 people, followed by a steady increase to 68 by 2010. This upward trend reversed after 2012, when stricter tobacco control laws were implemented, leading to a gradual decline to 52 by 2020. Notably, male mortality rates consistently exceeded female rates by approximately 30%, likely due to historically higher smoking prevalence among men.
提升专业性的技巧
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引用权威报告：
链接到WHO或《柳叶刀》等期刊的数据可增强可信度。
As reported in The Lancet Global Health (2023), regional disparities in malaria cases correlate with healthcare accessibility.
-
使用对比句式：
- While urban areas showed a 15% reduction in TB cases, rural regions experienced a 10% rise.
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加入预防措施表述：
The CDC recommends annual flu vaccination as the most effective preventive measure for high-risk groups.
描述疾病图表不仅需要语言能力，还需对医学常识有基本了解，建议多分析真实研究报告（如WHO年度报告），积累专业表达，通过精准的数据描述和合理的趋势分析，这类文章能有效传递信息,并为读者提供实用参考。
