雅思写作考试中,小作文(Task 1)的时态使用往往是考生容易出错的地方,图表描述、流程图或地图题的时态选择直接影响分数,而时态混乱会让考官难以理解内容,导致扣分,本文将分析雅思小作文时态使用的核心规则,并提供实用技巧,帮助考生避免常见错误。
雅思小作文时态的基本规则
雅思小作文的时态选择主要取决于题目提供的时间信息,以下是三种常见情况:
数据来自过去
如果图表显示的是过去某一时间段的数据(如1990-2000年的销售额),主要使用一般过去时。
- 正确:In 1995, the sales of electric cars increased by 15%.
- 错误:In 1995, the sales of electric cars increase by 15%.
过去时态还包括过去完成时(had + 过去分词),用于描述过去某一时间点之前已经发生的事件。
- By 2000, the demand for fossil fuels had decreased significantly.
数据涉及现在或没有明确时间
如果图表展示的是当前状态或没有具体时间(如某产品的市场份额分布),使用一般现在时。
- 正确:The chart shows the proportion of renewable energy usage in different regions.
- 错误:The chart showed the proportion of renewable energy usage in different regions.
预测未来趋势
包含未来时间(如2030年的预测数据),使用将来时或将来完成时。
- 正确:By 2050, solar energy will account for 40% of total energy production.
- 错误:By 2050, solar energy accounts for 40% of total energy production.
时态混乱的典型错误
错误1:混合不同时间段的时态
考生常在同一段中错误切换时态,导致逻辑混乱。
- 错误:In 2010, the number of tourists was 2 million, and it will reach 5 million in 2020.
- 正确:In 2010, the number of tourists was 2 million, and it reached 5 million in 2020.
错误2:忽略时间状语
时间状语(如in 2000, by 2025)是判断时态的关键,但考生有时忽略它们。
- 错误:The population grows rapidly in the 1980s.
- 正确:The population grew rapidly in the 1980s.
错误3:误用现在完成时
现在完成时(has/have + 过去分词)用于强调过去动作对现在的影响,但在描述具体过去时间的数据时不适用。
- 错误:In 1999, the company has launched a new product.
- 正确:In 1999, the company launched a new product.
如何避免时态错误?
审题时标记时间关键词
时,圈出所有时间信息(如年份、时间段),并据此确定主要时态。
- "The graph below shows changes in car ownership between 2000 and 2020." → 使用过去时。
保持段落时态一致
同一时间段的数据描述应使用相同时态,如果图表包含过去和未来数据,可分段处理:
- 第一段(过去数据):一般过去时
- 第二段(未来预测):将来时
使用固定句型
掌握几种高频句型,减少时态误用风险。
- 描述趋势:There was a sharp rise in X from 2000 to 2010.
- 比较数据:In 1990, Y accounted for 30%, while in 2000, it represented 50%.
检查动词形式
写完后再读一遍,重点检查动词时态是否与时间状语匹配,常见易错词:
- 不规则动词:rise (rose, risen), fall (fell, fallen)
- 被动语态:The policy was implemented in 2015.
高分范文示例
The line graph shows the average monthly temperatures in three cities (A, B, C) from January to December in 2022.
范文节选:
The graph illustrates the variations in average temperatures across three cities throughout 2022. In January, City A recorded the lowest temperature at 5°C, while City B was slightly warmer at 8°C. By July, City C had become the hottest location, reaching 32°C.
From August to December, temperatures in all three cities declined steadily. City A experienced the most significant drop, falling to 10°C in December. In contrast, City B maintained a milder climate, with December temperatures averaging 15°C.
个人观点
雅思小作文的时态并不复杂,关键在于清晰的时间逻辑和一致性,通过针对性练习和错误分析,考生可以快速掌握规则,建议每天练习一篇图表作文,重点检查时态使用,逐步形成肌肉记忆,考试时,预留2分钟专门检查动词形式,避免不必要的失分。