英语写作中,定语从句是提升句子复杂度与表达准确性的重要工具，关系代词作为连接主句与从句的桥梁，直接影响句子的逻辑与流畅度，掌握关系代词的用法，不仅能丰富表达方式，还能让文章更具专业性和可读性。
关系代词的基本功能
定语从句由关系代词引导,用于修饰主句中的名词或代词，常见的关系代词包括 who、whom、whose、which、that，它们在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语。
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who 与 whom
- who 指代人，在从句中作主语：
The scientist who discovered penicillin was Alexander Fleming. - whom 指代人，在从句中作宾语（正式文体中更常见）：
The author whom we met last week has published a new novel.
- who 指代人，在从句中作主语：
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whose
- 表示所属关系,既可指人也可指物：
This is the student whose research won the national award.
The company whose profits doubled this year is expanding globally.
- 表示所属关系,既可指人也可指物：
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which 与 that
- which 指代事物，常用于非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开）：
The book, which was published in 2020, became a bestseller. - that 指代人或物，多用于限制性定语从句（无逗号）：
The laptop that I bought last month has a high-resolution screen.
- which 指代事物，常用于非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开）：
关系代词的选择技巧
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指人时用 who/whom，指物时用 which/that
- 避免混淆：The doctor who treated me was very kind.（正确）
- 错误示例：The doctor which treated me was very kind.（错误）
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限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别
- 限制性从句提供关键信息,不可省略：
The car that was parked outside belongs to my neighbor. - 非限制性从句补充额外信息,可删除不影响句意：
My brother, who lives in Paris, is visiting next week.
- 限制性从句提供关键信息,不可省略：
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that 的特殊规则
- 当先行词被 only、all、any 等词修饰时，通常用 that：
This is the only solution that works. - 当先行词既包含人又包含物时,只能用 that：
She described the people and places that she visited.
- 当先行词被 only、all、any 等词修饰时，通常用 that：
常见错误与修正方法
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关系代词冗余
- 错误：The movie which it was released last year is popular.
- 正确：The movie which was released last year is popular.
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误用 whom 代替 who
- 错误：The man whom is speaking is our CEO.
- 正确：The man who is speaking is our CEO.
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whose 的误用
- 错误：The house which roof was damaged needs repair.
- 正确：The house whose roof was damaged needs repair.
高级应用：提升写作层次
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介词 + 关系代词结构
- 正式文体中,可将介词提前：
The project on which we worked took six months. - 口语中更常用：The project (that) we worked on took six months.
- 正式文体中,可将介词提前：
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省略关系代词的情况
- 当关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略：
The dress (that) she wore was elegant.
- 当关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略：
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关系代词与分词短语转换
- 简化句子：
The man who is standing there is my professor. → The man standing there is my professor.
- 简化句子：
实战练习与范例
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合并句子练习
- 原句：I met a writer. The writer has won several awards.
- 合并后：I met a writer who has won several awards.
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段落范例
The conference, which was held in Berlin, attracted over 500 participants. Many attendees were professionals whose expertise spanned multiple industries. The keynote speaker, whom we had invited months in advance, delivered a speech that inspired the audience.
个人观点
熟练掌握定语从句关系代词的使用,能让英语写作更加精准和流畅，无论是学术论文、商务邮件还是日常交流，合理运用这些语法结构都能提升表达效果，建议通过大量阅读和写作练习巩固知识，逐步培养语感，最终达到自然运用的水平。
