雅思写作考试中,Task 1(小作文)要求考生在20分钟内完成至少150词的图表描述,许多考生在备考时更关注数据分析和句型变化,却忽略了开头段的重要性,一个清晰、准确的开头不仅能帮助考官快速理解图表内容,还能为后续的细节描述奠定基础,本文将详细讲解如何写出高质量的雅思小作文开头,并提供实用技巧和范例。
开头段的核心作用
雅思小作文的开头段通常只需1-2句话,但它的作用不可小觑,它需要概括图表的核心信息,包括图表类型、数据主题和时间范围,它决定了考官对整篇文章的第一印象,如果开头含糊不清,即使后续分析再详细,也可能影响整体评分。
在评分标准中,Task Achievement(任务完成度)明确要求考生“清晰呈现图表的主要特征”,开头段必须精准提炼图表的关键信息,避免冗余或偏离主题的表达。
如何写出高效的开头
确定图表类型
雅思小作文常见的图表类型包括:
- 线形图(Line Graph)
- 柱状图(Bar Chart)
- 饼图(Pie Chart)
- 表格(Table)
- 流程图(Process Diagram)
- 地图(Map)
开头段的第一句话应明确指出图表类型,
- “The line graph illustrates changes in the consumption of three types of fast food in the UK between 1970 and 2020.”
- “The bar chart compares the average monthly temperatures in four different cities over a year.”
提炼核心主题
图表的核心主题通常体现在标题或图例中,考生需要快速识别并用自己的语言转述,避免直接照抄题目。
- 原题:“The chart below shows the percentage of households with internet access in three countries from 2000 to 2020.”
- 改写:“The bar chart displays the proportion of homes with internet connectivity in Country A, Country B, and Country C over a 20-year period.”
明确时间范围
如果图表涉及时间变化(如线形图、柱状图),开头段必须包含时间信息。
- “The graph highlights trends in global smartphone sales from 2010 to 2022.”
- “The table provides data on energy consumption in five regions during the period 1995-2015.”
对于静态图表(如某一年份的饼图或表格),时间可以省略或简化为“in a given year”。
避免冗余信息
开头段只需概括图表的基本信息,无需分析数据或得出结论,以下是一些常见错误:
- 错误1:添加主观判断(如“The data is surprising because…”)。
- 错误2:过度解释图表来源(如“The data was collected by a research institute…”)。
- 错误3:重复题目中的词汇(如直接使用“shows”而非同义替换)。
实用句型与词汇
为了提高表达的多样性,考生可以积累以下句型:
描述图表类型
- “The [chart type] illustrates/depicts/presents…”
- “The given [chart type] provides information on…”
- “The data in the [chart type] reflects…”
表达数据主题
- “changes in…”(动态数据)
- “comparisons between…”(对比数据)
- “the distribution of…”(比例数据)
时间表达
- “over a period of [X] years”
- “from [year] to [year]”
- “during the years [year]-[year]”
不同图表类型的开头范例
线形图 The graph below shows the number of tourists visiting a museum in summer and winter.
开头段:
“The line graph compares visitor numbers to a museum during summer and winter months over a decade.”
柱状图 The chart shows the percentage of men and women in different age groups who exercised regularly in 2020.
开头段:
“The bar chart illustrates the proportion of males and females across various age brackets who engaged in regular physical activity in 2020.”
饼图 The pie charts below show the main reasons for migration to and from the UK in 2015.
开头段:
“The two pie charts present the primary factors influencing immigration to and emigration from the UK in a single year.”
流程图 The diagram shows how coffee is produced.
开头段:
“The process diagram outlines the key stages involved in the production of coffee, from harvesting to packaging.”
地图 The maps show changes in a town center between 1995 and 2020.
开头段:
“The two maps highlight the transformations that took place in a town’s central area over a 25-year span.”
常见问题与改进建议
问题1:开头段过于笼统
- 原句:“The chart shows some data about energy.”
- 改进:“The bar chart compares the energy consumption of four sectors—industrial, residential, transportation, and agriculture—in 2020.”
问题2:遗漏关键信息
- 原句:“The graph shows sales of electronic devices.”
- 改进:“The line graph depicts the sales trends of smartphones, laptops, and tablets in Europe from 2015 to 2025.”
问题3:使用复杂句式导致歧义
- 原句:“What can be observed from the chart is that there are fluctuations in the figures.”
- 改进:“The line graph demonstrates fluctuations in the unemployment rate between 2000 and 2020.”
个人观点
雅思小作文的开头段看似简单,实则需要精准的语言控制能力,许多考生因急于进入数据分析而忽略了开头的质量,最终影响整体得分,建议在平时练习中,专门针对不同类型的图表撰写开头段,并比较不同表达方式的优劣,通过反复打磨,考生可以在考场上快速写出符合评分标准的高效开头,为高分奠定基础。