雅思写作考试中，平面图（如地图、布局图）是Task 1的常见题型之一，许多考生在面对这类题目时容易感到困惑，不知道如何准确描述变化或比较差异，本文将深入解析雅思平面图写作的核心技巧，帮助考生掌握高分策略，提升写作分数。
平面图写作的基本结构
雅思平面图通常分为两种：静态图和动态图，静态图展示某一时间点的布局或分布，动态图则呈现不同时间段的变迁，无论哪种类型，写作结构都应清晰合理。
引言段（Introduction）
引言段需要简要概括图表内容，包括图表类型、地点和时间范围，避免直接照抄题目，应适当改写。
原题：The diagrams below show the changes in a town center between 1990 and 2020.
改写：The two maps illustrate how the town center developed over a 30-year period from 1990 to 2020.
概述段（Overview） 段是高分关键，需总结图表的主要趋势或最显著变化，无需细节数据。
Overall, the town center underwent significant modernization, with the addition of new facilities and the removal of older structures.
细节段（Details）
细节段通常分为两段，按逻辑顺序描述具体变化或特征，可以按空间顺序（如从左到右）或时间顺序（如从过去到现在）展开。
静态平面图写作技巧
静态平面图通常展示某一地点的布局或分布，如建筑、设施的位置，写作时应注意：
- 方位描述准确：使用方位词（north, south, adjacent to, opposite）清晰说明位置关系。
- 突出主要特征：优先描述最显眼的设施或区域，避免琐碎细节。
- 比较差异（如双图对比）：明确区分不同区域或时期的特点。
示例分析：
The first map depicts a rural area dominated by farmland, with a small village located in the northern section. In contrast, the second map shows the same region transformed into an urban zone, featuring residential blocks and a shopping mall.
动态平面图写作技巧
动态平面图展示某地随时间的变化，如城市发展、建筑改造，写作时需注意：
- 时间顺序清晰：按时间轴描述变化，避免跳跃式叙述。
- 动词时态正确：过去变化用过去时（was replaced, were added），现状用现在时（is now, currently exists）。
- 变化词汇丰富：使用多样化表达，如constructed, demolished, expanded, converted等。
示例分析：
In 1990, the area consisted of a park and a few houses. By 2020, the park had been reduced in size to make way for a new road, while the houses were replaced by a high-rise apartment complex.
高分词汇与句型
方位描述词汇
- 位置关系：to the east of, surrounded by, in the vicinity of
- 距离描述：adjacent to, a short distance from, within walking distance
变化描述词汇
- 新增：constructed, established, introduced
- 移除：removed, demolished, cleared
- 改建：converted into, redesigned, modernized
高分句型
- 比较句型：While the northern area remained largely unchanged, the southern section saw dramatic redevelopment.
- 被动语态：The factory was relocated to the outskirts of the town.
- 比例强调：The residential zone accounts for approximately 40% of the total area.
常见错误与避免方法
- 方位混乱：避免模糊描述，如“near the center”，应具体说明“200 meters north of the center”。
- 细节过多：不必描述所有微小变化，选择最具代表性的内容。
- 时态错误：动态图需区分过去与现在，静态图多用一般现在时。
实战演练与范文
示例**：
The maps below show a seaside village before and after redevelopment. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
范文节选：
The two maps depict the transformation of a coastal village into a tourist resort. Originally, the village featured a small fishing port and a few houses clustered near the beach. Following redevelopment, the area was completely revitalized. The fishing port was replaced by a marina, and the original houses were demolished to construct a hotel and several restaurants. Additionally, a new road was built to improve access to the beach, which was expanded to accommodate more visitors.
雅思平面图写作的核心在于逻辑清晰、描述准确，通过系统练习和词汇积累，考生完全可以攻克这一题型，掌握上述技巧后，不仅能在考试中游刃有余,也能在实际学术或工作中更高效地分析图表信息。
