雅思写作考试中,Task 1（小作文）要求考生在20分钟内完成一篇至少150字的报告，描述图表、表格或流程图中的信息，数据类题目（如柱状图、线图、表格等）占据较大比例，而如何准确、流畅地描述数字是许多考生面临的挑战，本文将详细介绍雅思小作文中描述数字的方法，帮助考生提升得分。
掌握基本数字表达方式
在描述数据时,考生需要灵活运用不同的表达方式，避免重复使用单一词汇，以下是几种常见的数字表达方法：
（1）直接使用数字
对于具体数值,可以直接写出数字，
- In 2020, the number of tourists reached 5 million.
- The unemployment rate stood at 7.2% in 2019.
（2）使用近似表达
如果数据不是精确值,可以使用近似词汇，如：
- nearly, approximately, around, roughly
- just over, just under, slightly above, slightly below
- The figure was just under 50,000 in 2015.
- Approximately 60% of respondents agreed with the policy.
（3）使用倍数和分数
比较数据时,倍数和分数是常用的表达方式：
- twice as much as, three times higher than
- half of, a quarter of, one-third of
- The sales in 2020 were twice as high as those in 2010.
- Only a quarter of the participants completed the survey.
描述趋势变化的词汇
在动态图表（如线图、柱状图）中，数据通常呈现上升、下降或波动趋势，考生需要掌握相关词汇：
（1）上升趋势
- increase, rise, grow, climb, surge, soar
- a steady increase, a sharp rise, a gradual growth
- The population increased steadily from 2000 to 2010.
- Oil prices surged by 20% in the last quarter.
（2）下降趋势
- decrease, decline, drop, fall, plummet, dip
- a significant decrease, a slight decline, a sudden drop
- The crime rate declined sharply after the new law was introduced.
- Company profits fell by 10% compared to the previous year.
（3）波动趋势
- fluctuate, vary, oscillate
- a period of fluctuation, erratic changes
- The stock market fluctuated throughout the year.
- Unemployment rates varied between 5% and 8% during the decade.
数据对比与强调关键信息
雅思小作文不仅要求描述数据,还需要进行比较和分析，以下是几种有效的对比方式：
（1）使用比较级和最高级
- higher than, lower than, the highest, the lowest
- The UK had a higher proportion of graduates than France.
- 2018 saw the highest number of visitors in the past decade.
（2）突出极值
在描述图表时,应优先提及最大值、最小值或显著变化：
- peaked at, reached a low of, hit a record high
- The temperature peaked at 40°C in July.
- Oil production hit a record low in 2020 due to the pandemic.
（3）使用连接词增强逻辑性
- while, whereas, in contrast, similarly, by comparison
- While urban areas saw a rise in population, rural regions experienced a decline.
- In contrast, the demand for electric cars increased significantly.
避免常见错误
许多考生在描述数字时容易犯以下错误,影响得分：
（1）过度使用相同词汇
反复使用“increase”或“decrease”，会让文章显得单调，应灵活替换同义词，如“rise”“growth”“decline”“drop”等。
（2）忽略单位或时间
描述数据时,必须包含单位和时间，否则信息不完整。
- ❌ The number was 500.
- ✅ The number of students reached 500 in 2020.
（3）错误使用介词
- increase by（表示变化幅度）
- increase to（表示最终数值）
- The price increased by 10%.（上涨了10%）
- The price increased to $50.（上涨到50美元）
高分范文示例
以下是一篇描述柱状图的范文,供考生参考：
** The chart below shows the percentage of people using different modes of transport in a city from 1990 to 2020.
范文：
The bar chart illustrates the changes in transport preferences among city residents between 1990 and 2020.
In 1990, cars were the most popular mode of transport, used by 45% of people. Public transport, such as buses and trains, accounted for 30%, while cycling and walking made up 15% and 10% respectively.
By 2000, car usage had risen to 55%, whereas public transport saw a decline to 25%. The proportion of cyclists remained stable at 15%, but walking decreased slightly to 8%.
In 2020, the trend shifted significantly. Car usage dropped to 40%, while public transport surged to 35%. Cycling became more popular, reaching 20%, and walking also increased to 15%.
Overall, while cars remained the dominant choice throughout the period, public transport and cycling gained popularity in recent years.
练习建议
要提升数字描述能力,考生可以采取以下练习方法：
- 多分析真题图表：熟悉不同类型的图表（线图、柱状图、饼图、表格）。
- 积累同义词：整理描述趋势、比较、变化的词汇，避免重复。
- 限时写作：模拟考试环境，20分钟内完成一篇小作文。
- 对照范文修改：对比高分范文，优化自己的表达方式。
雅思小作文的数据描述并不难,关键在于掌握正确的表达方式，避免常见错误，并通过练习提升熟练度，只要方法得当，考生完全可以在短期内取得明显进步。
